The leading introductory radiology text for medical students and others who are required to read and interpret common radiologic images, Learning Radiology, 4th Edition, stresses an easy-to-follow pattern recognition approach that teaches how to differentiate normal and abnormal images. Dr. William Herring's clear, conversational writing style employs a touch of humor to explain what you need to know to effectively interpret medical images of all modalities. From the basics of patient safety, dose reduction, and radiation protection to the latest information on ultrasound, MRI, and CT, this concise, user-friendly text provides a complete, up-to-date introduction to radiology needed by today's students.
Key Features
Teaches how to arrive at a diagnosis by following a pattern recognition approach, and logically overcome difficult diagnostic challenges with the aid of decision trees.
1 Recognizing Anything: An Introduction to Imaging Modalities
Many Shades of Gray
Conventional Radiography (Plain Films)
The Five Basic Densities
Computed Tomography
Ultrasound
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Fluoroscopy
Nuclear Medicine
Conventions Used in This Book
2 Recognizing a Technically Adequate Chest Radiograph
Evaluating the Chest Radiograph for Technical Adequacy
Penetration
Inspiration
Rotation
Magnification
Angulation
3 Recognizing Normal Pulmonary Anatomy
The Normal Frontal Chest Radiograph
The Normal Lateral Chest Radiograph
Normal CT Anatomy of the Chest
4 Recognizing Normal Cardiac Anatomy
Evaluating the Heart on Chest Radiographs
General Principles
Evaluating the Heart on Cardiac CT
Uses of Cardiac CT
Cardiac MRI
5 Recognizing Airspace Versus Interstitial Lung Disease
Classifying Parenchymal Lung Disease
Characteristics of Airspace Disease
Some Causes of Airspace Disease
Characteristics of Interstitial Lung Disease
Some Causes of Interstitial Lung Disease
6 Recognizing the Causes of an Opacified Hemithorax
Atelectasis of the Entire Lung
Massive Pleural Effusion
Pneumonia of an Entire Lung
Postpneumonectomy
7 Recognizing Atelectasis
What Is Atelectasis?
Signs of Atelectasis
Types of Atelectasis
How Atelectasis Resolves
8 Recognizing a Pleural Effusion
Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Pleural Space
Modalities for Detecting Pleural Effusions
Causes of Pleural Effusions
Types of Pleural Effusions
Side-Specificity of Pleural Effusions
Recognizing the Different Appearances of Pleural Effusions
9 Recognizing Pneumonia
General Considerations
General Characteristics of Pneumonia
Patterns of Pneumonia
Lobar Pneumonia
Segmental Pneumonia (Bronchopneumonia)
Interstitial Pneumonia
Round Pneumonia
Cavitary Pneumonia
Aspiration
Localizing Pneumonia
How Pneumonia Resolves
10 Recognizing the Correct Placement of Lines and Tubes and Their Potential Complications: Critical Care Radiology
Endotracheal and Tracheostomy Tubes
Intravascular Catheters
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters: PICC
Multiple Lumen Catheters: "Quinton Catheters," Hemodialysis Catheters
Pleural Drainage Tubes (Chest Tubes, Thoracotomy Tubes)
Cardiac Devices: Pacemaker, Automatic Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator (AICD), Intra-aortic Balloon Pump (IABP)
Automatic Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators (AICD)
Intra-aortic Counterpulsation Balloon Pump (IABP or IACB)
GI Tubes and Lines: Nasogastric Tubes, Feeding Tubes
11 Recognizing Other Diseases of the Chest
Mediastinal Masses
Anterior Mediastinum
Middle Mediastinal Masses
Posterior Mediastinal Masses
Solitary Nodule/Mass in the Lung
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Metastatic Neoplasms in the Lung
Pulmonary Thromboembolic Disease (PE)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Bullae, Cysts, and Cavities
Bronchiectasis
12 Recognizing Adult Heart Disease
Recognizing an Enlarged Cardiac Silhouette
Recognizing Common Cardiac Diseases
13 Recognizing the Normal Abdomen and Pelvis: Conventional Radiographs
Recognizing the Normal Abdomen: What to Look For
Acute Abdominal Series: The Views and What They Show
Recognizing the Normal Abdomen: Extraluminal Air
Recognizing the Normal Abdomen: Calcifi cations
Recognizing the Normal Abdomen: Organomegaly
14 Recognizing the Normal Abdomen and Pelvis on Computed Tomography
Introduction to Abdominal and Pelvic CT
Intravenous Contrast in CT Scanning
Oral Contrast in CT Scanning
Abdominal CT: General Considerations
Abdominal CT: By Organ
15 Recognizing Bowel Obstruction and Ileus
Abnormal Gas Patterns
Laws of the Gut
Functional Ileus: Localized-Sentinel Loops
Functional Ileus: Generalized Adynamic Ileus
Mechanical Obstruction: Small Bowel Obstruction
Mechanical Obstruction: Large Bowel Obstruction (LBO)
Volvulus of the Colon
Intestinal Pseudoobstruction (Ogilvie Syndrome)
16 Recognizing Extraluminal Gas in the Abdomen
Signs of Free Intraperitoneal Air
Signs of Extraperitoneal Air (Retroperitoneal Air)
Signs of Air in the Bowel Wall
Signs of Air in the Biliary System
17 Recognizing Abnormal Calcifications and Their Causes
Patterns of Calcification
Location of Calcification
18 Recognizing Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary, and Urinary Tract Abnormalities
Barium Studies of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Esophagus
Stomach and Duodenum
Small and Large Bowel
Large Bowel
Pancreas
Hepatobiliary Abnormalities
Biliary System
Urinary Tract
Pelvis
Urinary Bladder
Adenopathy
19 Ultrasonography: Understanding the Principles and Its Uses in Abdominal and Pelvic Imaging
How it Works
Types of Ultrasound
Adverse Effects or Safety Issues
Medical Uses of Ultrasonography
Female Pelvic Organs
Pregnancy
Abdominal Hernias
Appendicitis
Ascites
Musculoskeletal System
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
20 Vascular, Pediatric, and Point-of-Care Ultrasound
Vascular Ultrasound
Arterial Stenosis
Pseudoaneurysm
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Pediatrics
Point-of-Care Ultrasound
21 Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Understanding the Principles and Recognizing the Basics
How MRI Works
Hardware That Makes Up an MRI Scanner
What Happens Once Scanning Begins
How Can You Identify a T1-Weighted or T2-Weighted Image?
MRI Contrast: General Considerations
MRI Safety Issues
Diagnostic Applications of MRI
22 Recognizing Nontraumatic Abnormalities of the Appendicular Skeleton Including Arthritis
Conventional Radiography, CT, and MRI in Bone Imaging
Normal Bone and Joint Anatomy
Diseases That Affect Bone Density
Diseases That Increase Bone Density
Diseases That Decrease Bone Density
Diseases of the Joints: An Approach to Arthritis
23 Recognizing Nontraumatic Abnormalities of the Spine
The Normal Spine
Normal MRI Appearance of the Spine
Back Pain
24 Recognizing Trauma to the Bony Skeleton
Recognizing an Acute Fracture
Recognizing Dislocations and Subluxations
Describing Fractures
Avulsion Fractures
Salter-Harris Fractures: Epiphyseal Plate Fractures in Children
Child Abuse
Stress Fractures
Common Fracture Eponyms
Some Subtle Fractures or Dislocations
Fracture Healing
Spinal Trauma
Pathologic Fractures
25 Recognizing the Imaging Findings of Trauma to the Chest
Chest Trauma
Chest Wall Trauma
Pleural Abnormalities: Pneumothorax
Imaging Modalities Used to Diagnose a Pneumothorax
Trauma-Related Parenchymal Lung Abnormalities
Aortic Trauma
26 Recognizing the Imaging Findings of Trauma to the Abdomen and Pelvis
Abdominal Trauma
Pelvic Trauma
Less Common Abdominal Injuries
27 Recognizing Some Common Causes of Intracranial Pathology
Normal Anatomy
MRI and the Brain
Head Trauma
Intracranial Hemorrhage
Diffuse Axonal Injury
Increased Intracranial Pressure
Stroke
Ruptured Aneurysms
Hydrocephalus
Cerebral Atrophy
Brain Tumors
Other Diseases
Terminology
28 Recognizing Pediatric Diseases
Diseases Discussed in This Chapter
Newborn Respiratory Distress
Childhood Lung Disease
Soft Tissues of the Neck
Ingested Foreign Bodies
Other Diseases
Salter-Harris Fractures: Epiphyseal Plate Fractures in Children
Child Abuse
Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)
Esophageal Atresia With/Without Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)
29 Using Image-Guided Interventions in Diagnosis and Treatment: Interventional Radiology
Arterial Access and Arteriography
Central Venous Access: Image-Guided Venous Access
Pulmonary Embolism: Thrombolysis
Pulmonary Embolism: Inferior Vena Caval (IVC) Filter Placement
Pulmonary Nodule: Image-Guided Biopsy
Hepatic/Renal/Pulmonary Tumor: Thermal Ablation
Portal Hypertension: Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS)
Abscess: Percutaneous Abscess Aspiration and Drain Placement
Gastrointestinal (GI) Bleeding: Arteriography and Embolization
Obstructive Uropathy: Percutaneous Nephrostomy (PCN)/Nephroureterostomy (PCNU)
Aortic Aneurysm: Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR)
Uterine Fibroids: Uterine Fibroid Embolization (UFE)
Acute Ischemic Stroke: Mechanical Thrombectomy
30 Recognizing the Findings in Breast Imaging
Breast Imaging Modalities: Overview
Mammography: Screening Versus Diagnostic
Fundamental Mammography Findings
Ultrasound
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Management of Breast Abnormalities
Special Considerations
Bibliography
Chapter 1 Quiz Answers
Online-Only Appendixes
A. Self-Assessment Quizzes
B. Normal Imaging Anatomy Quizzes
C. Unknown Cases
D. The ABCs of Heart Disease
E. Radiation Dose and Safety
F. What to Order When
G. Chapters 1 and 18 Glossaries (General Terminology and GI Imaging Terminology)
H. Nuclear Medicine: Understanding the Principles and Recognizing the Basics
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